Bibliographic record
Abstract
A history of sea-level highstands representing the past 1.2 my is assembled from geological and geo-chronological data from Bermuda and the Bahamas. Outcrops of marine and eolian limestones exhibit sea-level indicators on tectonically stable islands. Because of the low-lying nature of the islands, they preserve a record of both highstand (limestone) and lowstand (paleosol) events. Geomorphology and sequence stratigraphy are critical for ranking deposit age, while U-series, amino acid racemization (AAR), electron spin resonance (ESR), and paleomagnetics have provided absolute and relative age estimates. In Bermuda, two early Pleistocene marine sequences are estimated to be > 700 ka and > 880 ka. The younger of the two is associated with a + 22 m marine terrace cut into the older Walsingham Fm, which exposes marine limestones at < + 5 m a.s.l. During the latter half of the middle Pleistocene (Stages 11, 9, and 7; 500 to 180 ka), sea level rose above the present at least three times to approximately +4 m, +4m, and +2.5 m, respectively. Stage 5e includes at least two major positive oscillations of sea level (early at +4 m and late at ≥+6 m). The two 5e marine units are separated by an extensive, rubified protosol, interpreted as evidence of a minor regression (interstadial) of several thousand years. The late Sangamonian (Southampton Fm) is characterized by an extensive skeletal eolianite on high-energy shorelines, offlapped by a - 1 m to + 1 m marine deposit dated at ca. 85 ka. There is no evidence to support a Holocene sea level rising significantly above the present datum. Unlike tectonic coastline and isotopic studies that require major assumptions of constant uplift and temperature/ice-volume/salinity in order to calculate ancient sea levels, precise elevations of paleo-seduced can be obtained from deposits on stable carbonate platforms. Regardless, the inexact models provided by deep-sea oxygen isotope and U-series dating of uplifted reef terraces are valuable to establish a framework for the timing, duration and relative magnitude of Quaternary high sea levels.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.992 | 0.994 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".