Bibliographic record
Abstract
This quasi‐experimental study investigated the effects of form‐focused instruction on Italian verbal morphology (first‐ and second‐person singular forms and third‐person plural forms of the present indicative) in a multilingual primary school in Italy. The 10‐hour instructional treatment was distributed over fifteen 40‐minute biweekly lessons in three intact Grade 2 classes comprising native and nonnative speakers of Italian. The instruction was designed to increase the saliency and frequency of the target forms while providing opportunities for oral production practice and corrective feedback. To measure the effects of instruction, 14 Chinese L1 students from the three classes comprised the experimental group, while a similar group of nine Chinese L1 students attending Grade 2 classes at the same school during the following year served as the comparison group. Both groups participated in oral elicitation tasks that served as pre‐ and posttests. A one‐way analysis of variance showed a strong treatment effect for the form‐focused instruction and qualitative analysis of the production data revealed developmental strategies specific to the experimental group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".