Results of preliminary clinical trials of the positron emission mammography system PEM-I: a dedicated breast imaging system producing glucose metabolic images using FDG.
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Early detection of breast cancer is crucial for efficient and effective treatment. We have developed an instrument for positron emission mammography (PEM) called PEM-I that performs high-resolution metabolic imaging of breast cancer. Images of glucose metabolism are obtained after injection of 75 MBq FDG. The PEM detectors are integrated into a conventional mammography system, allowing acquisition of the emission images immediately after the mammogram, without subject repositioning, and accurate coregistration of images from the 2 modalities. In this article, we present the results of the first clinical pilot study with the instrument. METHODS: Sixteen subjects (age range, 34-76 y) were studied. All subjects were nondiabetic, nonpregnant, and without a history of cancer. They had recently been found to have suggestive mammography findings or a palpable breast mass and underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy within 2 wk of the study. Results from the PEM study were compared with those from mammography and pathology. A PEM test was classified positive (indicating the presence of cancer) if significant focal uptake was seen in the image or if the counting rate in the breast with suggestive findings was significantly higher than in the contralateral breast. RESULTS: Of the 16 subjects studied, 14 were evaluable. Ten cancerous tumors and 4 benign tumors were confirmed by pathologic examination after complete removal of the tumor. PEM correctly detected the presence of disease in 8 of 10 subjects. Findings were false-negative in 2 instances and false-positive in none, giving the instrument 80% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 86% accuracy. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results suggest that PEM can offer a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Metabolic images from PEM contain unique information not available from conventional morphologic imaging techniques and aid in expeditiously establishing the diagnosis of cancer. In all subjects, the PEM images were of diagnostic quality, with an imaging time of 2-5 min.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it