Duplication without constraints: <scp>Á</scp>lvarez‐<scp>N</scp>ogal and <scp>C</scp>hamley's analysis of debt policy under <scp>P</scp>hilip <scp>II</scp>
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carlos Á lvarez‐ N ogal and C hristophe C hamley recently published an article in the E conomic H istory R eview on ‘ D ebt policy under constraints: P hilip II , the C ortes, and G enoese bankers’. In this note, we show that several claims in their article are very similar to earlier research results, published or circulated long before Á lvarez‐ N ogal and C hamley's original submission, by ourselves and other scholars (section I). These results are repeated without attribution or even mention of the earlier work. In addition, we show that what Á lvarez‐ N ogal and C hamley present as new quantitative insights are actually replications of earlier results of ours (section II). Finally, Á lvarez‐ N ogal and C hamley misrepresent our contributions, as well as those of several other scholars (section III).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it