Nontarget feeding of leaf-beetles introduced to control purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) is an invasive nonindigenous plant that negatively affects North American wetlands. In 1992, four host-specific insect herbivores were introduced from the plant's native range as biological control agents and are now established in over 30 states and 10 Canadian provinces. Severe defoliation of purple loosestrife by Galerucella calmariensis L. and G. pusilla Duft. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) selectively reduced purple loosestrife biomass by as much as 95% at many early release sites. At three sites, mass emergence of new generation Galerucella adults resulted in localized, short-term attack on Rosa multiflora Thunb., Potentilla anserina L., and Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott. Individuals of the same plant species away from the immediate emergence areas and at other release sites remained undamaged, and we observed neither feeding nor oviposition on the same plants by overwintered adults. Attack did not persist into the next growing season, and nontarget plants grew and appeared vigorous the following year, while purple loosestrife remained suppressed. Such "spillover" does not constitute a host shift; beetles are unable to complete development on these nontarget plants. Spillover effects have been observed in other biocontrol programs and do not affect distribution or abundance of nontarget species. We anticipate that occasional spillover with transient attack on nontarget species may occur at other release sites with high population densities of the Galerucella species. Careful monitoring is the best means to determine long-term impact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".