Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spermatozoa of all placental (eutherian) mammals, including humans, are in a protective, nonlabile state at ejaculation and are incapable of fertilization even if they are placed in direct contact with an oocyte.Consequently, they must undergo a subsequent period of final maturation during which they acquire the capacity to interact with the oocyte-cumulus complex and achieve fertilization.This process, which was discovered independently by Austin and Chang in 1951, was termed capacitation, and spermatozoa in the ejaculate are prevented from undergoing capacitation by one or more decapacitation factors that are present in the seminal plasma (Yanagimachi, 1994).Capacitation of eutherian spermatozoa is essential for fertilization not only in vivo but also in vitro, and underlies the manipulation of spermatozoa for clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF).Not only does seminal plasma contain one or more decapacitation factors that prevent spontaneous capacitation of spermatozoa upon ejaculation, but it also contains one or more factors to which prolonged exposure has adverse effects on sperm function, including the ability to penetrate cervical mucus (Kremer, 1968), undergo the acrosome reaction in vitro, and the fertilization process in general (Rogers et al, 1983;Mortimer and Mortimer, 1992;Mortimer et al, 1998).Consequently, in order for eutherian spermatozoa to have the capacity to fertilize an oocyte, they must be separated from the seminal plasma, and hence, the separation of human spermatozoa from seminal plasma is an essential prerequisite for them to be able to achieve capacitation and express their intrinsic fertilizing ability.In assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories, this need is manifested in the process commonly referred to as ''sperm washing,'' in which spermatozoa are somehow removed from the seminal plasma and resuspended in culture medium.Prolonged exposure (Ͼ30 minutes) to seminal plasma after ejaculation can permanently diminish the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa in vitro (Rogers et al, 1983), and contamination of prepared sperm populations with only traces of seminal plasma can diminish, or even
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.158 | 0.111 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".