Surface-thermal capacity of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>from measurements made during steady-state evaporation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
When ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}(l)$ evaporates into its vapor under steady-state conditions with the temperature field in the liquid arranged so that there is no buoyancy-driven convection and the Marangoni number is less than $\ensuremath{\sim}100$, it is found that the interface is quiescent and thermal conduction to the interface supplies energy at a sufficient rate to evaporate the liquid. However, if the evaporation rate is raised so that the Marangoni number goes above $\ensuremath{\sim}100$, the interface is transformed: a fluctuating thermocapillary flow occurs, and thermal conduction no longer supplies energy at a sufficient rate to evaporate the liquid. An energy analysis indicates conservation of energy can be satisfied only if thermocapillary convection is taken into account, and the surface-thermal capacity ${c}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ is assigned a value of $32.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ when the temperature is in the range $\ensuremath{-}10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}\ensuremath{\leqslant}{T}^{LV}\ensuremath{\leqslant}3.7\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. This value is consistent with that found previously for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, and application of the Gibbs model gives a qualitative explanation for the value. Once the value of the surface-thermal capacity is known, the local heat flux along the interface can be calculated and statistical rate theory can be used to predict the local vapor-phase pressure on the interface. Since this theory introduces no adjustable parameters, the predicted pressure can be compared directly with that measured: this comparison indicates the mean of the pressures predicted to exist on the interface is in close agreement with those measured $\ensuremath{\sim}20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ above the interface, and the small pressure gradient along the interface is consistent with the thermocapillary convection predicted from the interfacial temperature gradient.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.188 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it