Surface-thermal capacity of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>from measurements made during steady-state evaporation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}(l)$ evaporates into its vapor under steady-state conditions with the temperature field in the liquid arranged so that there is no buoyancy-driven convection and the Marangoni number is less than $\ensuremath{\sim}100$, it is found that the interface is quiescent and thermal conduction to the interface supplies energy at a sufficient rate to evaporate the liquid. However, if the evaporation rate is raised so that the Marangoni number goes above $\ensuremath{\sim}100$, the interface is transformed: a fluctuating thermocapillary flow occurs, and thermal conduction no longer supplies energy at a sufficient rate to evaporate the liquid. An energy analysis indicates conservation of energy can be satisfied only if thermocapillary convection is taken into account, and the surface-thermal capacity ${c}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ is assigned a value of $32.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ when the temperature is in the range $\ensuremath{-}10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}\ensuremath{\leqslant}{T}^{LV}\ensuremath{\leqslant}3.7\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. This value is consistent with that found previously for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, and application of the Gibbs model gives a qualitative explanation for the value. Once the value of the surface-thermal capacity is known, the local heat flux along the interface can be calculated and statistical rate theory can be used to predict the local vapor-phase pressure on the interface. Since this theory introduces no adjustable parameters, the predicted pressure can be compared directly with that measured: this comparison indicates the mean of the pressures predicted to exist on the interface is in close agreement with those measured $\ensuremath{\sim}20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ above the interface, and the small pressure gradient along the interface is consistent with the thermocapillary convection predicted from the interfacial temperature gradient.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".