Influence of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers on Pile–Soil Interface Strength in Clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A series of direct shear tests were carried out in order to characterize the pile–soil interface strength for various pile materials including steel, concrete, and grout and to investigate the influence of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials on the pile–soil interface strength in soft clay. The study investigated both pile–soil interface friction and interface adhesion by simulating drained and undrained conditions. The results among the traditional pile materials indicated the superior performance of grout and concrete relative to steel. FRP interfaces were shown to perform at a level the same as or higher than that of traditional steel piling under both drained and undrained conditions in clays. The FRP–clay interface friction angles were 5 % to 19 % greater than those in traditional steel–clay interfaces and 12 % to 23 % smaller than that of concrete. In addition, FRP interface adhesion was observed at between 86 % and 135 % of the interface adhesion of steel and between 65 % and 75 % of the interface adhesion of concrete.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".