Comparing electromagnetic induction and ground penetrating radar techniques for estimating soil moisture content
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the capacity of electromagnetic geophysical methods for estimating soil moisture content. In this study, electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements were coincidently collected along a fixed survey line to evaluate temporal changes in apparent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic direct ground wave velocity, respectively; surveys were collected at three sites (i.e., sand, sandy loam and silt loam) during the course of a complete annual cycle of soil conditions. These two geophysical data sets correlated well during the course of the annual cycle at the silt loam site. Correlation between the two data sets was not as strong at the other two sites, with the sand site showing the lowest correlation values. Further, the geophysical data and gravimetric water content measurements obtained from the upper 0.5 metres indicate higher correlation estimates at the finer grained silt loam site relative to the sand and sandy loam sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".