Kerolite in Carbonate-Rich Speleothems and Microbial Deposits From Basaltic Caves, Kauai, Hawaii
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The occurrence of kerolite in association with various secondary Ca-Mg carbonate mineral deposits (speleothems) was identified in basaltic sea caves on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Kerolite is the dominant clay mineral in the deposits. X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of the kerolite are characteristically broadened indicating its extremely poor crystallinity. Few changes were observed in the XRD patterns of this kerolite when it was subjected to various humidity, temperature and ethylene-glycol treatments. The crystals appear as flaky masses with irregular or jagged edges in scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron probe and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis show that the clay material is dominated by Mg-Si-O, with minor amounts of Al and Ca in some samples. The chemical composition, thermal analysis and TEM observations suggest that smaller amounts of an amorphous serpentine-like phase are mixed with the kerolite. Kerolite is often the only mineral associated with poorly mineralized, actively-growing microbial mats in these caves and it is common in completely lithified microbial mats. The latter commonly have microstromatolitic structures with kerolite as a dominant phase. These features suggest that kerolite formation is at least in part a result of microbial activity. The abundant extracellular polymers of the mat-forming bacteria bind and concentrate ions (Mg 2+ , silica) from solution and serve as nucleation sites for kerolite precipitation. Conditions within the mats also probably lead to formation of Mg-Si-gels, amorphous Mg-silicate precursors and ultimately kerolite. Evaporation of the cave solutions may also contribute to kerolite formation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it