Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long conductors of all types on Earth's surface are subject to disturbance and disruption by telluric currents (currents that flow within the Earth or on its surface) induced by space weather events. Attention is most often paid to the effects that these currents can produce in electric grids. After all, if an electric power system is disrupted, many other modern infrastructures that depend on the secure and continuous supply of electrical power will also be affected. A recent technical paper in Space Weather by R. A. Marshall and colleagues draws needed attention to the effects of telluric currents on long pipelines. This is a space weather topic that often does not receive the attention it warrants in terms of its critical relevance to modern-day life. Pipelines have long used cathodic protection systems to mitigate the corrosion of the pipes that can arise from potential differences between the ground and the pipes. These potential differences occur because telluric currents flow more readily in the pipes than in the ground. While pipeline engineers have long worked hard on this problem, it was the design and installation in the mid-1970s of the Alaska pipeline directly under the auroral zone that drew enhanced attention to this topic. Much of the interest devoted to space weather effects on long pipelines is concentrated on high-latitude regions. It is in those regions that the intense and rapidly changing ionospheric currents can produce the largest pipe-to-ground potentials, and therefore where cathodic protection systems are most challenged. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (http://www.fmi.fi/research/) and Space Weather Canada (http://www.spaceweather.gc.ca) have been particularly active in research and in supplying information and modeling results to the pipeline industry in those high-latitude countries. On the opposite side of the globe, the continent of Australia covers a large range of geomagnetic latitudes that are affected by different ionosphere current systems. There are also wide variations in the conductivity structure of the Earth over which Australian pipelines pass. Thus the article by Marshall and colleagues is important both because it brings attention to the pipeline issue and because it highlights the need for the space weather research community to consider the challenges involved in understanding and modeling diverse ionosphere current systems over a wide range of Earth conductivities. The suggestion in this paper of a geomagnetically induced current (GIC) index that could be used to enhance understanding and mitigation of telluric current effects on pipelines deserves further examination by theorists and modelers. Whether such an index could also benefit other industries that use long conductors, including electric grids and undersea cables, should also be examined. Louis J. Lanzerotti is editor of Space Weather and a distinguished research professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, in Newark.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".