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Record W1967118545 · doi:10.1108/01437720210432239

Women in trade unions in India

2002· article· en· W1967118545 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Manpower · 2002
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicLabor Movements and Unions
Canadian institutionsMcMaster University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsTrade unionWorkforceEmpowermentConstitutionSalaryPolitical sciencePrivate sectorEconomic growthLabour economicsEconomicsBusinessLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper on women in labour unions in India highlights the occupational segregation suffered by women in union structures. The authors explore and document the extent of female participation in trade unions in India. They suggest that less than 8 per cent of the 380 million workforce in India are unionized and women account for a very small fraction of trade union membership. They provide a number of reasons for the low female membership and participation in unions. In the occupations where women are organized, the incidence of union leadership among women varies considerably. On the positive side, the authors note that India has been a pioneer in organizing women in the informal sector such as workers’ cooperatives, self help groups such as Working Women’s Forum and Self Employed Women’s Association etc. In fact, they find that these unions are creating social unionism, thereby rewriting the meaning of trade unionism. The focus is on broad objectives of empowerment, development and fighting for their rights rather than the business unionism in North America (that is, focus on the bread and butter issues alone). The initiatives dictated by the Indian Constitution such as reservations or quotas for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes may have to be applied to labour unions and the private sector employers in the case of women in India. Policy makers and managers can learn a great deal from the theories discussed above.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.570
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.298
Teacher spread0.280 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it