Lattice Boltzmann simulations of a single <i>n</i>-butanol drop rising in water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The motion of an n-butanol drop in water under the influence of gravity was numerically studied using a diffuse interface free energy lattice Boltzmann method. A pure two-liquid system without mass transfer between the phases was considered. A range of drop diameters of 1.0–4.0 mm covered the flow conditions. Most calculations were carried out in a moving reference frame. This allowed studying of long-term drop behavior in a relatively small computational domain. The capability of the method to capture the drop shape especially in the oscillating regime was demonstrated. For each drop diameter the evolution of the drop velocity in time, the terminal rise velocity and drop's shape were determined. The results were compared to experimental and numerical results and to semi-empirical correlations. The deviation of the simulated terminal velocity from other results is within 5% for smaller drops and up to 20% for large oscillating drops. It was shown that beyond the onset of shape oscillations the binary system converges towards a constant capillary number of 0.056.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".