Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrology of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A review of the current state of knowledge on climate change due to an ’enhanced greenhouse effect’ and the response of the climate and hydrologic systems to a changing atmosphere is provided. In particular, the survey presents historic trends in and the impacts of climate change on temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and Great Lakes levels. While much of the impacts research in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basin has used equilibrium 2 × CO2 scenarios, the transient scenarios for 2030 and 2050 from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis and the United Kingdom Hadley Centre coupled atmosphere-ocean global circulation models are also described. If the significant declines in runoff and lakes levels suggested by climate change scenarios are realized, there could be serious supply-demand mismatches and water allocation issues. The issue of climate change reinforces the need for continued cooperative planning and management of the water resources of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".