Separable Catalysts in One-Pot Syntheses for Greener Chemistry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method that enables the separation between two different catalytic solids used in one-pot reactions is described. Such separation between the two catalytic solids can facilitate their reuse in other catalytic applications and make the synthesis cheap and greener. The method is based on doping one of the catalysts with magnetic nanoparticles, which can make it magnetically separable while the other solid can be separated by filtration. The magnetically separable catalytic solid is designed by a sol–gel process in which a palladium catalyst is encapsulated in a silica sol–gel-modified polyethylenimine composite in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles modified with ionic liquid groups. The other catalytic solid utilized in this study is a solid acid based on cross-linked polystyrene sulfonic acid and can be separated by simple filtration. The two catalytic solids are utilized in one-pot reactions of dehydration/hydrogenation of benzyl alcohols. After reaction, the palladium-based catalyst is separated by applying an external magnetic field and the solid acid is separated by filtration. The magnetically separable palladium-based catalyst is reused after utilization in a one-pot reaction to catalyze three different types of reactions: carbonylation of iodoarenes, Suzuki, and Heck coupling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".