A Conditionally Distribution-Free Multivariate Sign Test for One-Sided Alternatives
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractWe consider the problem of testing the hypothesis that a multivariate location vector is in the positive orthant. A conditionally distribution-free sign test is proposed for this problem. This test is related to the Hodges test and can be motivated by the union–intersection principle. Moreover, it is valid under very mild assumptions. A characterization of the conditional null distribution of the test statistic is given. We provide a step-by-step procedure that can be used to perform the test in practice. In the bivariate case, an explicit formula for the exact null conditional distribution of the test statistic is derived. This conditional distribution can be used to compute exact conditional P values. A simulation study compares the new test to some competitors, including the likelihood ratio test. The results show that the new test is very competitive for a wide variety of distributional models. A real data example illustrating the use of the test is also presented.KEY WORDS : Conditionally distribution-freeHodges testOne-sided alternativePositive orthant alternativeRandom walkSign testUnion–intersection.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.063 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it