Bibliographic record
Abstract
Verteporfin, a benzoporphyrin derivative, is the first photo-sensitive (light-activated) drug to be proven effective in treating certain types of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The pharmacokinetics of light-activated drugs are central to their safety and efficacy. Forty healthy Caucasian volunteers, 24 healthy Japanese volunteers, 9 patients with mild hepatic dysfunction, 69 patients with CNV due to AMD, and 21 patients with skin cancer were infused with verteporfin 3 to 20 mg/m2 of body surface area over 1.5 to 45 minutes. Verteporfin regioisomers and the metabolite benzoporphyrin derivative diacid (BPD-DA) were quantified by validated methods of liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Cmax of verteporfin occurred at the end of the infusion and was proportional to the dose and rate of infusion. The extent of formation of the metabolite BPD-DA was less than 10%, based on the AUC ratio. Renal elimination was minimal (< 0.01% of the dose). All groups studied had similar pharmacokinetics, which were biexponential with distribution in the first 1 to 3 hours and elimination t(1/2) of 5 to 6 hours. No significant differences were observed between Japanese and Caucasian volunteers or between men and women. Patients older than 65 years had a slightly higher average Cmax than patients younger than 65 years (1.14 vs. 1.03 microg/ml, p = 0.066), but the ranges of the two age groups overlapped. Verteporfin has a short half-life and is rapidly eliminated in the bile, mainly as unchanged drug. Based on pharmacokinetic data, dose adjustments are not required for age, gender, race, or mild hepatic or renal impairment. The rapid elimination of verteporfin shows that the period of skin photosensitivity is unlikely to persist after 24 to 48 hours.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".