Separation of Cobalt from a Nickel-Hydrometallurgical Effluent Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanism of cobalt extraction by a tri-alkyl-amine hydrochloride (TAAHCl) was studied. Based on extraction solution chemistry, a mathematical expression was derived to identify metal transfer mechanisms. Both experimental results and theoretical consideration identified anions as the most favorable species for ion exchange with chloride anions in protonated TAAHCl. A new emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) system using TAAHCl as carriers was tested for the separation of cobalt from a nickel hydrometallurgical waste effluent. The effect of complex agent addition, carrier concentration, and acidity of the internal and external aqueous phases on cobalt extraction efficiency was investigated. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment of cobalt with a recovery rate of 99.8% was obtained by a one-stage process. The treated effluent contained mainly nickel, which is suitable for further nickel recovery, while the cobalt in the separated internal phase can be recovered as a value added by-product.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".