Mechanisms of propagule release in the carnivorous sponge <i>Asbestopluma occidentalis</i>
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carnivorous sponges characteristically inhabit the deep sea, so extensive observations of the biology of living specimens are rare. We report on newly discovered shallow‐water (<30 m depth) populations of the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma occidentalis and on observations of living adults and larvae from this unique group of sponges. In the Salish Sea, British Columbia, Canada, populations of A. occidentalis exist at depths as shallow as 18 m, where they co‐occur with hexactinellid sponges. Adults with and without embryos ( n =127) were collected and easily maintained in the laboratory for several months, allowing continuous examination of live specimens. Parent sponges naturally disassociated their tissue, facilitating larval release and dispersal. Dispersed larvae had actively beating cilia, but no swimming was observed. Larvae settled and attached from several hours to several days post‐release. After larval release, parent sponges reaggregated their disassociated bodies into spherical balls of apparently undifferentiated tissue, which could also disperse and settle. Sexually mature adults were sampled in the field from August to November, with a high proportion of adults containing mature embryos in late November. High‐resolution photography and electron microscopy verified that adults were covered with anisochelae spicules, and used these to capture nauplii of Artemia sp. under experimental conditions; however, time‐lapse photography showed that some captured prey could free themselves with vigorous swimming. The occurrence of abundant shallow‐water populations of A. occidentalis in the Salish Sea provides a rare opportunity to study the evolution and ecology of carnivory in the Porifera.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it