Male Predominance in Childhood Ischemic Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies suggested a male predominance in childhood ischemic stroke, mirroring gender differences in adults but were limited by small sample sizes or unconfirmed diagnoses. We sought to study gender within a large international series of confirmed cases of pediatric ischemic stroke. METHODS: From January 2003 to July 2007, the International Pediatric Stroke Study enrolled children (0 up to 19 years) with arterial ischemic stroke or cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at 30 centers in 10 countries. Neonates were those <29 days of age. We calculated the "expected" gender ratio for our study as the weighted average of population-based childhood gender ratios in enrolling countries weighted by the number of subjects enrolled in each country. chi(2) tests were used to compare the observed gender ratios in our series with this expected ratio (51.7%). RESULTS: Among 1187 children with confirmed ischemic stroke, 710 were boys (60%, P<0.0001). Male predominance persisted after stratification by age (61% for neonates, P=0.011; 59% for later childhood, P=0.002) and stroke subtype (58% for arterial ischemic stroke, P=0.004; 65% for cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, P=0.002). The greatest proportion of males occurred among children with arterial ischemic stroke and a history of trauma (75%, P=0.008), although boys were also overrepresented among those with arterial ischemic stroke and no trauma (57%; P=0.07). There were no gender differences in case fatality or deficits at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood ischemic stroke appears to be more common in boys regardless of age, stroke subtype, or history of trauma. Further exploration of this gender difference could shed light on stroke mechanisms in both children and adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".