Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Spasmodic Torticollis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thirty-two patients with spasmodic torticollis were assessed quantitatively for posture deformity, tremor and range of neck movement, and qualitatively for pain and global subjective disability. All patients were then treated with intramuscular botulinum toxin injections into appropriate neck muscles. Fifty-three treatments were administered using dosages of toxin in the range of 50-100 U per muscle. The maximum dose administered at a single sitting was 280 U. The progress of the patients was assessed during an 18-month period. Seventy-five percent of patients showed documented improvement in both subjective and objective parameters and were considered treatment successes. Pain improved in 65%, posture in 65%, tremor in 50% and range in 46%. The side effects that occurred were transient and included fatigue, dysphagia, neck weakness, hoarseness and local pain. This study demonstrates that treatment with botulinum toxin is of significant benefit for the majority of patients with spasmodic torticollis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".