Malmquist productivity index of the manufacturing sector in Canada from 1994 to 2002, with a focus on the wood manufacturing sector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the productivity changes of the manufacturing industries in Canada were evaluated using the Malmquist productivity index, then the productivity change was decomposed into the frontier shift (technical change) and efficiency change (catch-up effect). The frontier shift is the change in the best practice frontier over time, typically due to changes in technology, while the catch-up effect is the change over time in the efficiency of each unit individually. The results of the analysis showed that the productivity of the Canadian manufacturing sector (on average) improved in 2002 compared with that of 1994 and the main reason for this growth was the frontier shift. However, during the same period in Canada, a slight descent was observed in the productivity of the wood products manufacturing sector, mainly due to a decline in efficiency change. This decline could have been due to various factors such as the decline in capital expenditure and the low educational level of the workforce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".