Religious Activities and Changes in the Sense of Divine Control: Dimensions of Social Stratification as Contingencies*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using data from adults age 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we examine the effects of the frequency of religious attendance and prayer on changes in the sense of divine control. We also examine the role of two core dimensions of social stratification— race and socioeconomic status (SES)—as contingencies. We observe that race and SES independently modify the effects of religious activities on changes in the sense of divine control. Specifically, low levels of religious activities are associated with significantly larger decreases in the sense of divine control among whites compared to African-Americans. Likewise, low levels of religious activities are also associated with significant decreases in the sense of divine control among individuals with high SES, net of race-linked contingencies. Conversely, high levels of religious activities are associated with stability in the sense of divine control among both whites and African-Americans and across SES levels. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings for the linkages among religious activities and beliefs across different dimensions of social stratification
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".