Simulation of Progressive Deformities in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using a Biomechanical Model Integrating Vertebral Growth Modulation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are still not well understood, it is generally recognized that it progresses within a biomechanical process involving asymmetrical loading of the spine and vertebral growth modulation. This study intends to develop a finite element model incorporating vertebral growth and growth modulation in order to represent the progression of scoliotic deformities. The biomechanical model was based on experimental and clinical observations, and was formulated with variables integrating a biomechanical stimulus of growth modulation along directions perpendicular (x) and parallel (y, z) to the growth plates, a sensitivity factor beta to that stimulus and time. It was integrated into a finite element model of the thoracic and lumbar spine, which was personalized to the geometry of a female subject without spinal deformity. An imbalance of 2 mm in the right direction at the 8th thoracic vertebra was imposed and two simulations were performed: one with only growth modulation perpendicular to growth plates (Sim1), and the other one with additional components in the transverse plane (Sim2). Semi-quantitative characterization of the scoliotic deformities at each growth cycle was made using regional scoliotic descriptors (thoracic Cobb angle and kyphosis) and local scoliotic descriptors (wedging angle and axial rotation of the thoracic apical vertebra). In all simulations, spinal profiles corresponded to clinically observable configurations. The Cobb angle increased non-linearly from 0.3 degree to 34 degrees (Sim1) and 20 degrees (Sim2) from the first to last growth cycle, adequately reproducing the amplifying thoracic scoliotic curve. The sagittal thoracic profile (kyphosis) remained quite constant. Similarly to clinical and experimental observations, vertebral wedging angle of the thoracic apex progressed from 2.6 degrees to 10.7 degrees (Sim1) and 7.8 degrees (Sim2) with curve progression. Concomitantly, vertebral rotation of the thoracic apex increased of 10 degrees (Sim1) and 6 degrees (Sim2) clockwise, adequately reproducing the evolution of axial rotation reported in several studies. Similar trends but of lesser magnitude (Sim2) suggests that growth modulation parallel to growth plates tend to counteract the growth modulation effects in longitudinal direction. Overall, the developed model adequately represents the self-sustaining progression of vertebral and spinal scoliotic deformities. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the modeling approach, and compared to other biomechanical studies of scoliosis it achieves a more complete representation of the scoliotic spine.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it