Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frost heave of pavement around manholes in northern cities all over the world has been a costly problem ever since sanitary and storm sewers were installed. Freezing of frost-susceptible soil under the road structure can lead to substantial uplift, deformation and cracking of the pavement surface. This new technology is based on utilizing the heat in flowing water in sanitary and storm sewers, as well as the existing heat in the soil located deep around the manholes. Inside the manhole during winter, the air temperature is cold at the top and warm at the bottom generating air convection. The warm air flows from the bottom to the top of the manhole where it cools; this cold air then flows down to the bottom of the manhole where it warms up again. The heat energy in manholes with a perforated steel cover is simply lost. The innovation described calls for a closed system, where the heat energy is transferred to the area under the pavement structure, thus preventing the 0°C isotherm from reaching the frost-susceptible soil below. In collaboration with the City of Nepean, part of Greater Ottawa, Ontario, four manholes were reconstructed using the new frost-heave mitigation principle. A third manhole was instrumented as a control. The author, who is also the applicant for a patent on this new technology, provided the design for the reconstruction. The results of the trials during the winter of 1998–99 demonstrated that the innovation “works,” as the frost did not reach the frost susceptible soil (Leda clay) surrounding the manhole and did not cause any pavement deformation. No reference are provided, because no similar technology exists.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".