Effects of sex, body size, temperature, and location on the antipredator tactics of free-ranging gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis, Colubridae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in southern Manitoba are subject to intense predation (primarily by crows) during their spring breeding season. The huge numbers of snakes provide a unique opportunity to quantify behavioral traits. We simulated predator attacks by “pecking” more than 500 free-ranging snakes, to explore the determinants of snake response. Snakes responded to a human finger in the same way as they did to a more realistic stimulus (a model crow). A snake's response to attack depended on several factors, which interacted in complex ways. The primary influences on response were body temperature (warmer snakes tended to flee, whereas colder snakes remained cryptic or flattened and/or gaped and struck) and sex (males were more likely to flee). Responses also depended on microhabitat (i.e., inside the winter den versus in adjacent grassland) and on the snake's prior activity (e.g., courting snakes often ignored our close approach). These factors interacted in significant ways; for example, snakes outside the den were smaller and warmer than those inside, male snakes were smaller and warmer than females, and mean body temperatures were higher in larger snakes within each sex. Thus, a snake's body size and its location affected its defensive response indirectly (via their influence on body temperature). Our results differ from those of previous studies and suggest that antipredator responses in these animals depend in a flexible and complex way upon biotic and abiotic variables. Interactions among these variables also must be considered before we can identify underlying causal processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".