Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Genetic Association Studies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper applies a retrospective logistic regression model (Prentice, 1976) using a sandwich variance estimator (White, 1982; Zeger et al. 1985) to genetic association studies in which alleles are treated as dependent variables. The validity of switching the positions of allele and trait variables in the regression model is ensured by the invariance property of the odds ratio. The approach is shown to be able to accommodate many commonly seen designs, matched or unmatched alike, having either binary or quantitative traits. The resultant score statistic has potentially higher power than those that have previously appeared in the genetics literature. As a regression model in general, this approach may also be applied to incorporate covariates. Numerical examples implemented with standard software are presented.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it