Inelastic Buckling Analysis of Steel X-Bracing with Bolted Single Shear Lap Connections
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Analytical models are proposed to predict the compressive resistance of discontinuous bracing members in steel X-braced frames when governed by flexure of the connecting plates at the mid-connections. The connections are bolted single shear splice connections commonly used for HSS bracing members. An incremental analysis procedure is developed to predict the axial load-deformation response of the brace-connection assembly including geometric and material nonlinearities. The buckling strength depends on the thickness of the connecting plates, the length of the connection, the clear distance between the continuous and discontinuous bracing members at the brace intersection, and the length of the discontinuous brace segments. The method is validated against test results from full-scale X-bracing specimens. It is also used to verify the design procedure proposed in the AISC Design Guide 24 for Hollow Structural Section Connections for a series of 17 X-braces covering a wide range of properties. The AISC design procedure generally over-predicts the buckling resistance. A new design procedure is proposed that better reflects the buckling response of discontinuous braces in X-bracing.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it