Calanoid copepod thoracic legs — surface area vs. body size and potential swimming ability, a comparison of eight species
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In considering the role of the thoracic legs in escape or predation, where rapid starts and quick movement are important, species differences in leg architecture and surface area should be expected. With this in mind, eight species of calanoid copepods were examined to test the hypotheses that thoracic leg surface area was related to organism size and that the amount and/or distribution of leg surface area was related to life strategies of the species. The eight species included herbivores, omnivores, a carnivore, and a detritivore; they also provided a range of body length and volume as well as life styles. All copepods were in the region of Reynolds numbers where drag decreases as Reynolds number increases. Total leg area was significantly correlated to body length and body length squared. While the relationship between total leg area and body length was significant when all species were included, the detritrivore Eucalanus bungii was a clear outlier and the correlation was stronger when it was excluded. The linear relationship between total leg area and body length squared was especially strong for the smaller species. The areas of leg components (protopodite, exopodite, and endopodite) also showed significant correlations with body length squared, with E. bungii again being an outlier. The relative areas of individual leg pairs also showed trends across taxa with the third and fourth legs being larger than the first and second legs in all species except E. bungii . Both body drag and leg propulsion were found to increase with copepod body length. Leg propulsion compared to body drag was high in several species, particularly in Metridia lucens (s.l.), was intermediate in the two smallest species, and was low in E. bungii . En considerant le role des pattes thoraciques dans la fuite ou la predation, pour lesquelles des demarrages et des mouvements rapides sont importants, des differences dans l'architecture de la patte et sa surface peuvent etre attendues. Dans cette idee, huit especes de copepodes calanoides ont ete examinees pour tester l'hypothese que la surface de la patte thoracique est reliee a la taille de l'organisme et que la quantite et/ou la distribution de la surface de la patte etait reliee aux strategies de vie de l'espece. Les huit especes incluent des herbivores, omnivores, une carnivore et une detritivore; elles presentent des tailles et des volumes varies ainsi que divers styles de vie. Tous les copepodes etudies etaient dans la region des nombres de Reynolds ou le deplacement diminue alors que leur nombre de Reynolds augmente. La surface totale de la patte est significativement correlee a la longueur du corps et a son carre. Alors que la relation entre la surface totale de la patte et la longueur du corps est significative lorsque toutes les especes sont comprises, le detritivore Eucalanus bungii est clairement exterieur et la correlation est plus forte lorsqu'il est exclu. La relation lineaire entre la surface totale des pattes et le carre de la longueur du corps est specialement forte pour les especes les plus petites. Les surfaces des segments des pattes (protopodite, exopodite, et endopodite) montrent aussi une correlation significative avec le carre de la longueur du corps, avec de nouveau E. bungii a l'exterieur. La surface relative de chaque paire de pattes montre aussi une tendance dans le taxon avec les troisieme et quatrieme paires plus larges que les premieres et seconde excepte pour E. bungii . Le trainement du corps et la propulsion des pattes augmente avec la longueur du corps du copepode. La propulsion par les pattes comparee au trainement du corps est elevee dans plusieurs especes, particulierement chez Metridia lucens (s.l.), intermediaire chez les deux especes les plus petites et basse chez E. bungii .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it