Thatch biodegradation and antifungal activities of two lignocellulolytic<i>Streptomyces</i>strains in laboratory cultures and in golf green turfgrass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of lignocellulolytic Streptomyces spp. as biological agents, to enhance thatch degradation in turf and to slow its rate of accumulation while controlling fungal growth in the thatch layer, was studied. In flask scale studies, two lignocellulolytic Streptomyces violaceusniger (= hygroscopicus) strains (YCED9 and WYE53) decomposed thatch (> 30% dry weight) over a 12-week incubation period. Biodegradation was accompanied by production of extracellular cellulases, xylanases, and peroxidases. The accumulation of the polymeric, water-soluble lignin degradation intermediate acid, precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), was also observed. Residual thatch from 12-week-old cultures had an increased lignin-to-carbohydrate ratio, an indication that although lignin was metabolized, carbohydrates were preferential carbon sources for these actinomycetes. A spore-containing soluble dry powder formulation was used as an inoculum in an in situ field experiment. This formulation was maintained in storage at 4 degrees C for over two years without viability loss. Results from the golf green experiment showed that although treated thatch layers in established greens were not appreciably reduced over the course of one summer, the Streptomyces were active and maintained their populations within the thatch, while fungal growth was suppressed as compared to controls. The results show that treatment of turfgrass with these Streptomyces may be useful for the long-term control of fungal populations within the thatch. Longer field studies are required to assess the long-term potential for also controlling thatch build-up and fungal pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".