Intranasal Ketamine for Analgesia in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Observational Series
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The objective was to examine the feasibility, effectiveness, and adverse effect profile of intranasal ketamine for analgesia in emergency department (ED) patients. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study examining a convenience sample of patients aged older than 6 years experiencing moderate or severe pain, defined as a visual analog scale (VAS) score of 50 mm or greater. Patients received 0.5 to 0.75 mg/kg intranasal ketamine. Pain scores were recorded on a standard 100-mm VAS by trained investigators at baseline, then every 5 minutes for 30 minutes, and then every 10 minutes for an additional 30 minutes. The primary outcome was the number and proportion of patients experiencing clinically significant reductions in VAS pain scores, defined as VAS reductions of 13 mm or more, within 30 minutes. Secondary outcomes included the median reduction in VAS, the median time required to achieve a 13 mm reduction in VAS, vital sign changes, and adverse events. Continuous data are reported with medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to assess changes in VAS scores. Adverse effects are reported with proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled with a median age of 47 years (IQR = 36 to 57 years; range = 11 to 79 years) for primarily orthopedic injuries. A reduction in VAS of 13 mm or more within 30 minutes was achieved in 35 patients (88%). The median change in VAS at 30 minutes was 34 mm (44%). Median time required to achieve a 13 mm VAS reduction was 9.5 minutes (IQR = 5 to 13 minutes; range = 5 to 25 minutes). No serious adverse effects occurred. Minor adverse effects included dizziness (21 patients, 53%; 95% CI = 38% to 67%), feeling of unreality (14 patients, 35%; 95% CI = 22% to 50%), nausea (four patients, 10%; 95% CI = 4% to 23%), mood change (three patients, 8%; 95% CI = 3% to 20%), and changes in hearing (one patient, 3%; 95% CI = 0% to 13%). All adverse effects were transient and none required intervention. There were no changes in vital signs requiring clinical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal ketamine reduced VAS pain scores to a clinically significant degree in 88% of ED patients in this series. Adverse effects were minor and transient. Intranasal ketamine may have a role in the provision of effective, expeditious analgesia to ED patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".