The shape of glacial valleys and implications for southern African glaciation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The classic U-shaped valley is a typical expression of glacial erosion, but situations can occur where the glacier effects little to no change in the landscape. Such an occurrence would be where the glacier is cold-based and remains so during its demise – never entering into a warm-based (erosional) phase. Here, two present-day examples are provided where glaciers exist, but the valley form has remained unaltered despite multiple glacial events. The key to such a situation is suggested to be the altitudinal/latitudinal spatial location, such that the ice has completely disappeared before, during the move towards an interglacial, there is time for it to transform into warm-based ice. The argument can then be made that perhaps the same is the situation for the reconstructed, small glaciers in the Lesotho–Drakensberg area. The ice was cold-based due to a combination of its thinness and the cooling effect of shading. Cold-based ice could explain the lack of striated clasts found in the moraines, the absence of any change to the valley form, and the preservation of breaks in the slope observed in the area of the former glacier.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".