The Québec Election of 2014 and the Unresolved Challenges of the Parti Québécois
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Marois government elected in 2012 turned out to be one of the most short-lived in Québec history even though public opinion polls were showing the PQ in a relatively favorable position when the 2014 election was called. This article attempts to unravel the subsequent defeat of the Parti Québécois through an examination of three unresolved challenges: the question of party leadership in and out of government; the internal tensions within the party and the external weakening of the electorate's attachment; and the divisions over the issues that defined the election campaign. The election results show that Québecers want referendum talk off the table for now, and that they are attuned to economic messages and the pocketbook issues that resonate everywhere. But the rest is uncertain, especially since the new third parties at the table cater to a nationalist and Francophone electorate, and thus could represent a far more serious threat for the PQ than the Liberal party.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.026 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".