Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well documented that the lifestyles of immigrants undergo significant changes during the postarrival period. Although it cannot be argued that leisure behavior is immune to such changes, very little systematic effort has been devoted to exploring this phenomenon. This article attempts to fill this gap by focusing on postimmigration changes in leisure behavior. The empiric analysis utilizes a hybrid approach that combines qualitative data obtained in a series of in-depth interviews and quantitative data from a mail questionnaire survey. Both the interviews and the survey were conducted in 1996 among recent immigrants from Poland residing in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Jackson and Dunn's (1988) theoretic framework is used to investigate the general patterns of postarrival ceasing and starting of participation. Survey respondents are classified into ceasers, adders, replacers, and continuers, and the proportions in each group are analyzed and compared with the published general-population results. Qualitative data then are used to establish the major causes for the observed postarrival changes in leisure-participation patterns. Then, the analysis is extended to account for activity-based variations in ceasing and starting behavior and those based on age at immigration. Interview material is used to isolate major immigration-related factors that encourage immigrants in various age groups to modify their leisure-participation patterns. It is shown that the observed postarrival participation changes can be attributed partially to past latent demand, to the decreased role of certain interpersonal constraints, and to being exposed to new leisure opportunities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".