Understanding Soil as an Open System and Fertility as an Emergent Property of the Soil System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of the principles of thermodynamics and General Systems Theory is responsible for important progress in the study of soil and its fertility, and this application can even improve our understanding of the processes that govern the functioning of soil and determine the magnitude of soil fertility. Consequently, we can improve the evaluation and practices recommended for preserving or improving the soil and its fertility, contributing to sustainable food production. Recalling how the concept and human perception of soil have evolved is fundamental to improve our understanding. Thus, this article aims to encourage people to reflect on the application of the principles of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium and General Systems Theory in studying the soil and its fertility and to participate in constructing a new notion of soil fertility, able to express what is perceived by plants. Several authors in the last century have considered the soil to be an open system; however, this approach is a recent in Brazil. Fertility can be coherently understood as one of the emergent properties of the soil system by applying the principles of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium and General Systems Theory to the study of soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".