Dual‐setting characteristic for directional overcurrent relays considering multiple fault locations
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optimal relay settings are determined where coordination constraints are modelled considering only either one fault location (near end or midpoint) or two fault locations (near and far end) on a feeder. This study, first, investigates whether considering one or two fault locations is sufficient to guarantee proper coordination for faults at all other locations on a feeder. The results show that violations, in the coordination constraints, can occur at various points along the feeder if the relays are coordinated considering one or two fault locations. In addition, considering multiple fault locations while determining the optimal relay setting can avoid such problem but on the expense of the overall relay tripping time. Thus, a dual‐setting characteristic for directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is proposed instead of the conventional inverse time‐current characteristic. The study is conducted on the power transmission system of IEEE 24‐bus and the power distribution system of IEEE 14‐bus. The proposed characteristic achieves notable reduction in total DOCRs operating time over the conventional characteristic for both test systems while achieving proper coordination across a broader range of possible fault locations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it