A Physics-Based Method for Production Data Analysis of Tight and Shale Petroleum Reservoirs Using Succession of Pseudo-Steady States
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Analysis of production data from tight and shale reservoirs requires the use of complex models for which the inputs are rarely known. The same objectives can also be achieved by knowing only the overall (bulk) characteristics of the reservoir, with no need for all the detailed rarely known inputs. In this work, we introduce the concept of continuous succession of pseudo-steady states (SPSS) as a method to perform the analysis of production data. It requires very little input data yet is based on rigorous engineering concepts which works during the transient as well as the boundary dominated flow periods. This method consists of a combination of three simple and well-known equations: material balance, distance of investigation and boundary dominated flow. It is a form of a capacitance-resistance methodology (CRM) in which the material balance equation over the investigated region represents the capacitance, and the boundary dominated flow equation represents the resistance. The flow regime in the region of investigation (whose areal extent varies with time during transient flow) is assumed to be pseudo-steady state. This region is depleted at a rate controlled by the material balance equation. The initial flow rate and flowing pressure are used to define the resistance, and the distance of investigation defines the capacitance. The capacitance and resistance are then used in a stepwise procedure to calculate the depletion and the new rates or flowing pressures. The method was tested, for linear flow geometry, against analytical solutions for liquids and numerical simulations for gas reservoirs, exhibiting both transient and boundary dominated flow. Excellent agreement was obtained, thus corroborating the validity of the method developed in this paper. The proposed method is easy to implement in a spreadsheet application. It indicates that complex systems with complicated mathematical (e.g. Laplace space) solutions can be represented adequately using simple concepts. The approach offers a new insight into production analysis of tight and shale reservoirs, using familiar and easy-to-understand reservoir engineering principles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it