Accelerated Mass Transfer of CO<sub>2</sub> in Reservoir Brine Due to Density-Driven Natural Convection at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the mass transfer of CO 2 into a reservoir brine sample is studied experimentally at high pressures and elevated temperatures. The equilibrium concentration of CO 2 in the reservoir brine and the density of CO 2 -saturated brine are measured by saturating the brine with CO 2 . The mass-transfer rate of CO 2 into the brine is determined by monitoring the pressure decay inside a closed, visual, high-pressure PVT cell. It is found that the density of the brine with dissolved CO 2 increases linearly with CO 2 concentration. As CO 2 gradually dissolves into the brine by molecular diffusion, a concentration-induced density gradient is generated near the CO 2 −brine interface. Under the influence of gravity, this concentration-induced density gradient causes natural convection, which accelerates the mass-transfer rate of CO 2 into the brine. The modified diffusion equation with an effective diffusivity is applied to model the mass-transfer process. It is found that the determined effective diffusivities of CO 2 in the reservoir brine are almost two orders of magnitude larger than the molecular diffusivities of CO 2 in water or similar reservoir brines. The detailed experimental results show that the density-driven natural convection greatly accelerates the dissolution process of CO 2 in brine. This means that loss of CO 2 in brine can be significant in an enhanced oil recovery operation using CO 2 flooding in an oil reservoir with a bottom water aquifer. More importantly, the accelerated mass transfer due to the density-driven natural convection significantly increases the geological sequestration rate of CO 2 in deep saline formations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it