Measurements Comparing the Initial Stability of Five Designs of Dental Implants: A Human Cadaver Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A number of different dental implant designs are currently in clinical use. A successful outcome of implant placement is thought, at least in part, to be due to the primary stability of an implant after placement. Few data are available for comparing the primary stability characteristics of different implant designs. PURPOSE: This investigation compared the primary stability of five types of endosseous dental implant of varying geometry and surface topography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparison was made between a standard threaded commercially pure titanium implant (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden), the Mark II self-tapping implant (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden), the Mark IV tapered self-tapping implant (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden), the Astra Tioblast (AstraTech AB, Mölndahl, Sweden), and the 3i Osseotite (3I [Implant Innovations Incorporated], Palm Beach, Florida, USA). Fifty-two fixtures were placed in the maxillary bone of nine unembalmed human cadavers. Implant stability as a function of peak insertion torque and resonance frequency values was recorded for each fixture site after placement. Removal torque was also measured 1-hour postinsertion. Assessment of bone quality at each site was made. RESULTS: All of the implants tested demonstrated good primary stability in type 2 and 3 bone. The Standard, Mark II, Osseotite, and Tioblast were less stable when placed into bone type 4. The Mark IV implants appeared to maintain a high primary stability even in Type 4 bone. CONCLUSION: When looking across all bone qualities, the Mark IV implant develops a significantly higher insertion torque than the Standard, Mark II, and Osseotite implant types, and a significantly higher resonance frequency value than the Standard implant, indicating a higher interfacial stiffness at the implant-bone interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".