Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion, and Land Value Recapture
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inclusionary housing, also broadly known in the United States as inclusionary zoning, is a means of using the planning system to create affordable housing and foster social inclusion by capturing resources created through the marketplace. Programs, regulations, and laws prompt private developers to incorporate affordable housing on-site, build it elsewhere, or contribute money or land for the production of social or affordable housing by others. Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective examines inclusionary housing programs in-depth in seven countries (Canada, England, France, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the United States) and reports on experiences in others, including Australia, Colombia, India, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, and South Africa, Inclusionary housing originated in the U.S in the early 1970s, and gradually spread to Canada, western Europe, and more recently to countries throughout the world. The initial intellectual impetus came from the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and the recognition of the close relationship between the pervasive racial segregation in American society and land use regulations that perpetuated it through what came to be known as exclusionary zoning. Indeed, the term inclusionary zoning was coined as the converse, and was first used to refer more broadly to any strategy designed to foster the production of affordable housing in otherwise exclusive and affluent suburban jurisdictions. The authors found that two countries (Canada and the United States) decentralize land use regulation to the state or provincial level; two countries (Ireland and Spain) centrally mandate inclusionary housing; two countries (England and France) centrally enable its use; and one country (Italy) until recently did neither centrally, thus prompting inclusionary housing as a local initiative. Other nations including Colombia, India, Israel, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and South Africa offer their own variations of inclusionary housing. Global political shifts and changes in economic and social policy have all contributed to the emergence of inclusionary housing as arguably the most significant new public policy direction in the realm of social and affordable housing in recent decades. The chapter authors explore how variations in political, social, and economic cultures and conditions have led to different forms of inclusionary housing, and how the policies are working on the ground to address the need for better housing and greater social inclusion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it