Bibliographic record
Abstract
Financial risks as well as opportunities now flow more freely across the borders of all but the poorest countries in the world. But globalizing finance became an observable fact before appropriate political structures were in place to steer it. The basic proposition that robust financial markets both rested on and reinforced the legitimacy of state power was decisively tested during the Great Depression. It is being tested again today. Two outcomes define the spectrum of policy choices in the medium run. One would return us to a version of the post-1945 order characterized by renewed barriers around national markets and strengthened home-country control of tightly regulated financial intermediaries. The second would entail the grand irony of states transcending one of the last bastions of sovereignty as traditionally conceived, namely autonomous fiscal authority. During the crises of 2007–2008, there were surprising, if opaque, moves in the latter direction. Tanto los riesgos financieros como las oportunidades fluyen ahora más libremente a través de las fronteras de todos menos de los países más pobres en el mundo. Pero la globalización financiera se convirtió en un hecho observable antes de que estuvieran establecidas las estructuras políticas apropiadas para manejarla. La proposición básica de que los mercados financieros robustos se basaran en la legitimidad del poder del estado, y que también la reforzaran, fue decisivamente sometida a prueba durante la Gran Depresión. Hoy día, nuevamente, se ha vuelto a poner bajo prueba. Dos resultados definen el espectro de la selección de política a medio plazo. El primero nos regresa a la versión del orden posterior a 1945, caracterizada por barreras renovadas alrededor de mercados nacionales y fortaleciendo el control del país local a los intermediarios financieros estrictamente regulados. El segundo conlleva la gran ironía de los estados trascendiendo uno de los últimos bastiones de la soberanía como se concibió tradicionalmente, es decir, la autoridad fiscal autónoma. Durante las crisis del 2007–2008, hubo sorpresivamente, aunque de una manera no muy clara, movimientos hacia la última dirección.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".