Convergence or Resilience? A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the Welfare Regimes in Advanced Countries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following the seminal work of Esping-Andersen, many studies have identified a variety of welfare regimes in Western Europe and North America. This study examines a set of quantitative social indicators, using hierarchical cluster analysis, in order to identify such regimes, which display specific arrangements between markets, the state and families in the production and distribution of the resources required for the well-being of people. Indeed, these empirical analyses reveal the existence of the three regimes originally identified by Esping-Andersen - social-democratic, liberal, and conservative - to which one must add, as many authors had pointed out, a fourth, distinct from the latter, the Latin regime. These results pertain whether one turns to data from the 1980s or the 1990s. The data also reveal strong and durable relations of presumably mutual causality between the configuration of social programmes in the various societies under analysis, the social situations which largely result from these social programmes and, lastly, the level of civic participation which leads (or not) people to collective mobilization, which in turn shapes social programmes. The authors' comparative analysis allows them to identify Canada's place in the worlds of welfare capitalism.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it