How Crystals Nucleate and Grow in Aqueous NaCl Solution
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations (64 000 particles) are used to examine the microscopic mechanism of crystal nucleation and growth in a slightly supersaturated solution of NaCl in water at 300 K and 1 atm. Early-stage nucleation is observed, and the growth of a single crystal is followed for ∼140 ns. It is shown that the nucleation and growth process is better described by Ostwald's rule of stages than by classical nucleation theory. Crystal nucleation originates in a region where the local salt concentration exceeds that of the bulk solution. The early-stage nucleus is a loosely ordered arrangement of ions that retains a significant amount of water. The residual water is slowly removed as the crystal grows and evolves toward its stable anhydrous state.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it