Colloquium 2004: Hydrogeotechnical properties of hard rock tailings from metal mines and emerging geoenvironmental disposal approaches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tailings are ground rock particles from which the valuable minerals or metals have been extracted. An historical overview on hard rock mines shows that since the 1930s, it has become current practice to pump the tailings into storage areas circumscribed by dykes made of the tailings themselves. However, numerous physical and chemical stability problems were observed mainly owing to the particular hydrogeotechnical and mineralogical properties of the tailings. Therefore, modifications to the conventional methods were proposed, but these were relatively costly, not always efficient, and sometimes difficult to implement. New management methods that improve the physical and (or) chemical stability have hence been developed to reduce environmental risks associated with tailings storage, namely, densified tailings, environmental desulphurization, covers built with tailings, and co-disposal of tailings and waste rock. Even if many aspects need to be optimized, these approaches can be considered today as interesting alternatives to conventional tailings management approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".