Theoretical hybridization potential of transgenic safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.) with weedy relatives in the New World
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) is being evaluated as a crop for the production of plant-made pharmaceuticals using an oleosin fusion protein system. We evaluated the potential for transgenic gene flow from C. tinctorius to wild or weedy relatives in western Canada. Cytogenetic and phylogenetic studies with most of the species of Carthamus have demonstrated that cultivated C. tinctorius has the ability to hybridize with at least six wild or weedy relatives worldwide. Of the four naturalized wild relatives in the New World, only two, C. oxyacanthus and C. creticus, have successfully been crossed with C. tinctorius to produce fertile hybrids. Data from artificial crosses resulting in fertile offspring indicate the biological potential of a hybridization event, but only if the species are temporally and spatially sympatric can this occur. Based on the New World distribution of C. oxyacanthus and C. creticus we predict that hybridization with transgenic C. tinctorius could occur in some areas of Argentina, Chile and localities within several states in the United States including California, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, and Texas. Locations in the New World where wild species of Carthamus have not been naturalized may provide biologically isolated locations for the cultivation of a transgenic safflower crop. Key words: Carthamus, safflower, transgenic, hybrid, gene flow, introgression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".