Management of soil-borne plant pathogens with organic soil amendments: a disease control strategy salvaged from the past
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The utilization of organic amendments for control of soil-borne plant pathogens has often been considered at best variable, but more often as a snake-oil remedy. Understanding the mode of action of these products, however, provides insight as to where and how to exploit these underutilized energy sources for the benefit of plant and soil health. Organic amendments containing high nitrogen, such as poultry manure, meat and bone meal, and soymeal, significantly reduced populations of a wide spectrum of soil-borne plant pathogens. Pathogen control was shown to arise from the ammonia and (or) nitrous acid generated, the concentrations of which are controlled by pH, organic matter content, soil buffering capacity, and nitrification rate. Swine manure can reduce pathogen populations by both these mechanisms as well as by an additional process involving volatile fatty acids. Volatile fatty acids are active only at pH conditions below 6.0 and were present in most, but not all liquid manures tested. Disease control with organic amendment occurs when soil and biological factors are conducive to activating the processes that reduce pathogen survival. Understanding the mechanisms allows prediction of efficacy based on analysis of the soil and the organic amendment. For some products, such as ammonium lignosulfonate, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, disease control was demonstrated but the mode of action is as yet unclear. Although organic amendments reduce populations of plant pathogens, overall they lead to an increase in soil microorganisms populations by up to 1000-fold following application. Thus, the displacement of pathogens is selective and can persist in fields for several years after single application. As we unravel the potential benefits of organic treatments, there is indication that they may return as a valuable tool in disease management strategies. L'emploi d'amendements organiques pour la lutte aux agents phytopathogènes du sol a souvent été considéré d'une efficacité incertaine dans les meilleurs des cas et, encore plus souvent, comme un remède de charlatan. Cependant, la compréhension du mode d'action de ces produits nous permet de savoir o[ugrave] et comment utiliser ces sources d'énergie sous-exploitées au bénéfice de la santé des plantes et des sols. Des amendements organiques à teneur élevée en azote tels que le fumier de volaille, la farine de viande et d'os et le tourteau de soja réduisent significativement les populations d'une multitude d'agents phytopathogènes du sol. Il a été démontré que l'activité contre les agents pathogènes est due à l'ammoniac ou l'acide nitreux générés, dont les concentrations sont contrôlées par le pH, la teneur en matière organique, le pouvoir tampon du sol et le taux de nitrification. Le fumier de porc peut réduire les populations d'agents pathogènes par ces deux mécanismes aussi bien que par des processus supplémentaires impliquant des acides gras volatils. Les acides gras volatiles sont actifs seulement dans des conditions de pH inférieur à 6,0 et étaient présents dans presque tous les purins testés. La lutte aux maladies par les amendements organiques se produit lorsque les facteurs édaphiques et biologiques contribuent à l'activation des processus qui diminuent la survie des agents pathogènes. La compréhension de ces mécanismes permet de prédire l'efficacité après l'analyse du sol et des amendements organiques. Pour certains produits, comme le lignosulfate d'ammonium, un sous-produit de l'industrie des pâtes et papier, l'efficacité de la lutte aux maladies a été démontrée bien que le mode d'action demeure inconnu. Alors que les amendements organiques réduisent les populations d'agents phytopathogènes, en général, ils induisent une augmentation des populations des microorganismes du sol par un facteur de 1000, suite à l'application. Donc, il y a déplacement sélectif des agents pathogènes, lequel peut persister plusieurs années en champ après une seule application. Alors que nous découvrons les bénéfices potentiels des traitements organiques, il y a des indications que ceux-ci pourraient être considérés à nouveau comme outils importants dans les stratégies de gestion des maladies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it