Identifying the conditions amenable to the determination of solute concentrations with time domain reflectometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the basis of an analysis of the weighting of the bulk electrical conductivity along time domain reflectivity (TDR) probes we show theoretical limitations to the measurement of solute concentrations with TDR. Simple example calculations demonstrate that there will only be a unique relationship between the TDR‐measured electrical conductivity and the average solute concentration in the pore water under one of two conditions. First, if the water content is spatially uniform throughout the sample volume of the probe, TDR may be used to determine solute concentrations. Second, if the water content is spatially variable but the spatial distribution is temporally constant and the solute concentration is spatially uniform throughout the probe's sample volume, solute concentrations can be inferred from the electrical conductivity response. Further complications arise in soils with spatially variable porosities or surface electrical conductivities, making TDR unsuited to determining solute concentrations even if one of these conditions is met.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".