Building high accuracy bloom filters using partitioned hashing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growing importance of operations such as packet-content inspection, packet classification based on non-IP headers, maintaining flow-state, etc. has led to increased interest in the networking applications of Bloom filters. This is because Bloom filters provide a relatively easy method for hardware implementation of set-membership queries. However, the tradeoff is that Bloom filters only provide a probabilistic test and membership queries can result in false positives. Ideally, we would like this false positive probability to be very low. The main contribution of this paper is a method for significantly reducing this false positive probability in comparison to existing schemes. This is done by developing a partitioned hashing method which results in a choice of hash functions that set far fewer bits in the Bloom filter bit vector than would be the case otherwise. This lower fill factor of the bit vector translates to a much lower false positive probability. We show experimentally that this improved choice can result in as much as a ten-fold increase in accuracy over standard Bloom filters. We also show that the scheme performs much better than other proposed schemes for improving Bloom filters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".