sLORETA and fMRI Detection of Medial Prefrontal Default Network Anomalies in Adult ADHD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental psychiatric disorder thought to affect approximately 5 to 10% of school-age children, of whom 30 to 65% continue to exhibit symptoms into adulthood.The prevalence of ADHD in adults is also an estimated 4%, second only to depression.Across studies there appear to be significant network dysfunctions involved in ADHD.Typically the foci of interest in ADHD included the insular cortices, frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.More recently, attention has been directed to the default network of the brain and its functional integrity in ADHD with focus on the precuneus and parietal lobes and interactions with medial prefrontal cortices.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures neurovascular coupling as measured by the blood oxygenated level dependent signal (BOLD).Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain electrical information.Because fMRI is an indirect measure of neuronal activity and EEG is a direct measure, combining the results from these two imaging modalities under the same task conditions may provide a more complete story as to the what (EEG) and where (fMRI) activity exists.This article discusses the benefits of using standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analysis of the EEG as compared to fMRI.The goal of the study, the data from which we use for our justification, was to discover the functional differences in ADHD and non-ADHD brains with different brain imaging modalities.We hoped to elucidate functional connectivity patterns by interpreting the data acquired with the EEG using sLORETA and the data acquired with the fMRI scans.We further hoped to find correlation with the sLORETA and fMRI interpretations so as to confirm that EEG is an adequate stand-alone methodology to evaluate ADHD.Participants included 6 ADHD and 7 non-ADHD subjects.They were initially interviewed by phone and administered the Connors Rating Scale and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to determine accuracy of symptom reporting and to rule out psychological comorbidities.Exclusion criteria consisted of previous head trauma, recent drug or alcohol abuse (14 days), or neurological syndromes.We recorded sequential 19-channel EEG and fMRI during the eyes-open and eyes-closed states and while performing the Stroop test.The QEEG results were evaluated with comparison to a normative database and with sLORETA analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".