Contact Resistance Anomalies in Reed Contacts - Influence of Temperature and External Magnetic Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since their invention in the late 1930's by Dr. Ellwood from Bell Laboratories sealed reed contacts, used in reed relays and switches, have been used in many industries with various environmental requirements. In the space industry the reed relays are primarily used as position indicators actuated via external magnetic fields. The reed relay, as a telemetry indicator in space mechanisms applications, has to survive high levels of environmental loads: mechanical (shocks and vibrations), thermal (high/low temperatures) and electrical (switching loads) while maintaining high stability of its contact resistance and pull-in/drop-out characteristics. The paper compares the experimentally obtained performance of the reed switch contacts with anomalous contact resistance readings versus performance of the clean reed contacts. Comparison is done for various strength of the external magnetic field generated via a pair of Helmholtz coils and for various temperature extremes. Acquired data allows estimating the actual contact forces. The pull-in and drop-out characteristics of the reeds at thermal hot are also determined. Testing of the reed switch component confirmed that the high telemetry resistance values were not related to the coaxial T-switch PCA circuitry and that the root cause was high contact resistance of the reed switch itself. Surface analyses of the anomalous reed contacts via EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) complemented better understanding of the contact condition. Those analyses confirm the presence of contaminating films and particles generated during manufacturing of the reed relay. The paper also describes the test setups used.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".